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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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The resident phagocytic macrophages deal with these damaged cells by engulfing them and separating their globin and heme groups.
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Induction of Eryptosis in Red Blood Cells Using a Calcium Ionophore
09:15

Induction of Eryptosis in Red Blood Cells Using a Calcium Ionophore

Published on: January 21, 2020

Hemin-induced suicidal erythrocyte death.

Sergios Gatidis1, Michael Föller, Florian Lang

  • 1Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

Annals of Hematology
|February 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Hemin, a byproduct of red blood cell breakdown, triggers eryptosis, a form of suicidal erythrocyte death. This process, characterized by cell shrinkage and membrane damage, may contribute to anemia.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Diseases like malaria and sickle cell disease can lead to excessive hemin formation.
  • Hemin can trigger hemolysis, the premature destruction of red blood cells.
  • Hemolysis is linked to eryptosis, a process of suicidal erythrocyte death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether hemin exposure stimulates eryptosis in erythrocytes.
  • To understand the cellular mechanisms underlying hemin-induced eryptosis.

Main Methods:

  • Eryptosis was assessed by measuring phosphatidylserine externalization using annexin V binding.
  • Cell shrinkage was quantified using forward scatter analysis in flow cytometry.
  • Cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) activity was measured using Fluo3 fluorescence.

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Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
09:43

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 9, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Induction of Eryptosis in Red Blood Cells Using a Calcium Ionophore
09:15

Induction of Eryptosis in Red Blood Cells Using a Calcium Ionophore

Published on: January 21, 2020

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
09:43

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 9, 2015

  • Ceramide formation was detected via fluorescence-labeled antibody binding.

    • Main Results:

    • Hemin exposure (1-10 microM) significantly increased phosphatidylserine externalization (annexin V binding).
    • Hemin treatment led to decreased forward scatter, indicating cell shrinkage.
    • Cytosolic Ca2+ activity and ceramide formation were significantly elevated upon hemin exposure.
    • These cellular changes occurred within 48 hours of hemin exposure.

    Conclusions:

    • Hemin directly stimulates eryptosis, a form of programmed cell death in red blood cells.
    • Hemin-induced eryptosis involves increased intracellular calcium and ceramide levels.
    • This suicidal erythrocyte death pathway may contribute to red blood cell clearance and the development of anemia.