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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Familial hemiplegic migraine.

Curtis F Barrett1, Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg1, Rune R Frants2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Advances in Genetics
|February 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Migraine genetics are complex, involving both inherited and environmental factors. Studying rare familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) offers insights into common migraine pathways and potential treatments.

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Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

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Published on: June 2, 2014

Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Migraine is a prevalent, debilitating neurological disorder influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
  • Understanding migraine susceptibility is challenging due to its complex etiology.
  • Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare monogenic subtype providing insights into common migraine pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical features of migraine.
  • To discuss advances in migraine gene discovery.
  • To explore FHM-associated genes and the functional consequences of their mutations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical migraine features.
  • Analysis of genetic studies identifying migraine-associated genes.
  • Examination of cellular and animal models investigating FHM mutations.

Main Results:

  • Several genes have been linked to migraine through genetic screening.
  • FHM and common migraine share overlapping clinical features, suggesting common pathways.
  • FHM mutations provide valuable models for studying migraine mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Investigating monogenic migraine subtypes like FHM is crucial for understanding common migraine.
  • Gene discovery and functional studies in FHM are advancing our knowledge of migraine pathophysiology.
  • Insights from FHM research may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for migraine.