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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Tuberculosis01:23

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, primarily targeting the lungs and spreading through airborne transmission. Infection begins when aerosolized droplet nuclei, expelled by an individual with active TB, are inhaled by another person. These microscopic particles carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Upon reaching the alveoli, the bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages. However, due to their specialized lipid-rich cell wall, these pathogens...
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...

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Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
06:32

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Published on: September 19, 2016

BCG protects toddlers during a tuberculosis outbreak.

J T Gaensbauer1, M Vandaleur, M O'Neil

  • 1Division of Paediatrics, Cork University Hospital, Wilton Road, Wilton, Cork, Ireland. jgaens@u.washington.edu

Archives of Disease in Childhood
|February 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A 2007 tuberculosis outbreak in Irish childcare centers revealed BCG vaccination significantly protected toddlers from active disease. No BCG-vaccinated children developed tuberculosis, indicating its profound protective effect against pulmonary tuberculosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) outbreaks in childcare settings pose significant public health risks.
  • Understanding the clinical presentation and risk factors for pediatric TB is crucial for effective control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical and radiographic characteristics of active tuberculosis in young children following an outbreak.
  • To evaluate the potential protective effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination against active TB in this cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 268 children exposed during a 2007 TB outbreak in two Cork, Ireland childcare centers.
  • Clinical data collection and chest radiograph review for 18 children diagnosed with active TB.
  • Comparison of TB incidence between BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated children.

Main Results:

  • 18 of 268 exposed children developed active tuberculosis.
  • Active TB cases presented with pulmonary or hilar adenopathy; no disseminated disease or meningitis observed.
  • BCG vaccination was associated with a statistically significant protective effect (p = 0.016), with no vaccinated children developing active disease.

Conclusions:

  • BCG vaccination demonstrated a profound protective effect against active tuberculosis in young children during this outbreak.
  • Evidence supports BCG's efficacy in preventing pulmonary TB in pediatric populations.
  • Findings underscore the importance of BCG vaccination in TB control strategies for vulnerable groups.