Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Real-world-effectiveness of biological treatment for severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Rhinology·2022

Same author

Disease-specific assessment of quality of life after decompression surgery for Graves ophthalmopathy.

European journal of ophthalmology·2017

Same author

[Impact of Microsurgical Exstirpation of Vestibular Schwannomas on the Sense of Taste].

Laryngo- rhino- otologie·2015

Same author

17β-Estradiol reduces nitric oxide production in the Guinea pig cochlea.

Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme·2013

Same author

Low-dose aspirin desensitization in individuals with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.

Allergy·2013

Same author

The VEGF/VEGF-R axis in sporadic vestibular schwannomas correlates with irradiation and disease recurrence.

ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties·2013

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

[Malignant thyroid neoplasms: a diagnostic challenge for ENT specialists].

K Fruth¹, W J Mann

¹Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenklinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Deutschland. fruth@hno.klinik.uni-mainz.de

|February 5, 2009

Summary

Many thyroid cancers are found incidentally during ear, nose, and throat (ENT) exams. A combination of ultrasound, scintigraphy, and fine needle biopsy (FNB) is crucial for accurate thyroid cancer diagnosis.

More Related Videos

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

Published on: November 28, 2025

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

Published on: November 28, 2025

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Endocrinology
Oncology

Context:

Thyroid carcinoma often presents as an incidental finding during routine otolaryngology (ENT) examinations.
A significant percentage of patients do not initially report thyroid-specific symptoms.

Purpose:

To retrospectively analyze symptoms and clinical findings in patients with thyroid malignancies.
To identify characteristics indicative of thyroid malignancy in incidental findings.

Summary:

40 patients with thyroid malignancies were studied.
48% of thyroid pathologies were detected incidentally during general ENT examinations.
Diagnostic tools included sonography, scintigraphy, and fine needle biopsy (FNB), with varying sensitivity and specificity.
Frozen section examination also showed limitations in accuracy.

Impact:

Highlights the importance of thorough ENT examinations for detecting thyroid abnormalities.
Emphasizes that no single diagnostic test is definitive for thyroid cancer.
Underscores the necessity of combining multiple diagnostic modalities and potentially histology for accurate diagnosis.