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Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

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Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

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Published on: October 14, 2021

[Parkinsonism during lithium use].

T R W M Walrave¹, C Bulens

¹t.walrave@zgt.nl

Tijdschrift Voor Psychiatrie

|February 6, 2009

Summary

Long-term lithium treatment can rarely cause Parkinsonism symptoms like rigidity and tremors in bipolar disorder patients. Reducing the lithium dosage resolved these neurological side effects.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Pharmacology

Background:

Lithium is a first-line mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder, used for decades.
Long-term lithium therapy is generally well-tolerated, with established monitoring protocols.
Medication-induced Parkinsonism is a known side effect of certain medications, particularly antipsychotics.

Observation:

Two patients with a history of bipolar disorder on long-term lithium therapy developed new-onset Parkinsonism.
Symptoms included rigidity, altered gait, and action tremor, despite therapeutic lithium levels.
These neurological symptoms emerged after years of stable lithium treatment without prior complications.

Findings:

The observed symptoms were consistent with drug-induced Parkinsonism.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 14, 2021

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

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Published on: October 4, 2021

Lithium-induced Parkinsonism is a rare but potential complication of long-term lithium treatment.

Complete resolution of neurological symptoms occurred after gradual dose reduction of lithium.

Implications:

Clinicians should consider lithium toxicity or rare side effects when patients on long-term treatment develop Parkinsonian symptoms.
Monitoring for neurological signs and symptoms is crucial in patients undergoing chronic lithium therapy.
This case highlights the importance of reassessing medication dosages even after prolonged periods of stability.