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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
[Management of advanced chronic heart failure]
Fabrizio Oliva1, Francesca Macera, Alessandro Verde
1Cardiologia 2-Insufficienza Cardiaca e Trapianto Cardiaco, Dipartimento Cardiologico "A. De Gasperis", A.O. Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milano. fabri.oliva@gmail.com
Abstract:
Because of the progressive ageing of the population and the extensive use of recommended drugs, the number of patients with advanced chronic heart failure constantly increases. Several studies showed the efficacy of neurohormonal antagonists and electric devices in NYHA class III-IV patients; however, there is no agreement on the management of refractory heart failure, especially for patients who are not candidates for heart transplantation, because of age or comorbidity. The treatment with intravenous inotropic agents is considered a palliative care. The growing experience with implant of left ventricular assist devices, on the other hand, is encouraging and suggests more extensive use of these devices, both as bridge to transplant and as destination therapy.
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