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Related Concept Videos

Studying the Cytoskeleton01:17

Studying the Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeletal architecture can be studied using different microscopic and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy was instrumental in discovering the cytoskeletal architecture around the 1960s, which allowed obtaining structural information at a high-resolution level. However, the sample preparation procedure often limits this ability in biological samples. Several protocols have been developed over the years to optimize sample preparation. In one of the protocols known as rotary...
Proteomics01:33

Proteomics

A proteome is the entire set of proteins that a cell type produces. We can study proteomes using the knowledge of genomes because genes code for mRNAs, and the mRNAs encode proteins. Although mRNA analysis is a step in the right direction, not all mRNAs are translated into proteins.
Proteomics is the study of proteomes' function. It involves the large-scale systematic study of the proteome to denote the protein complement expressed by a genome. Scientist Mark Wilkins coined the term proteomics...
Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...
The Proteasome Structure01:17

The Proteasome Structure

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is a well-known mechanism utilized by eukaryotic cells to remove cytoplasmic proteins that are misfolded, damaged, or no longer needed. In this pathway, the protein that needs to be eliminated undergoes a process called ubiquitination, where a chain of ubiquitin molecules is attached to the 48th lysine residue of the target protein. This ubiquitin modification helps the proteasome distinguish between a target protein and a healthy protein.
The proteasome is an...
Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:18

Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments

Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...

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Multiplexed Single-molecule Force Proteolysis Measurements Using Magnetic Tweezers
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Atomic force microscopy as a tool to study the proteasome assemblies.

Maria Gaczynska1, Pawel A Osmulski

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA.

Methods in Cell Biology
|February 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides unique insights into proteasome structure and function. This review highlights AFM

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Structural Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • The proteasome is a crucial enzyme complex regulating cellular processes.
  • Its structural complexity and role as a drug target necessitate advanced study methods.
  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM) offers a noninvasive approach to proteasome investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methodological applications of AFM in proteasome research.
  • To highlight AFM's utility in dissecting proteasome subunit organization and dynamics.
  • To present AFM-based nanotechnological studies involving proteasomes.

Main Methods:

  • Height distribution analysis of proteasome complexes using AFM.
  • AFM imaging for studying proteasome structural dynamics.
  • Nanolithography and ordered proteasome studies with AFM.

Main Results:

  • AFM height distribution analysis aids in understanding the regulatory particle (RP) subunit organization.
  • AFM imaging reveals structural dynamics of the proteasome.
  • AFM enables nanotechnological applications using proteasome particles.

Conclusions:

  • AFM is a powerful tool for elucidating proteasome structure-function relationships.
  • AFM provides novel perspectives on proteasome organization and dynamics.
  • AFM facilitates unique nanotechnological applications of proteasomes.