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Related Concept Videos

Structure of Conjugated Dienes01:16

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...
[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction01:16

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
Stability of Conjugated Dienes01:28

Stability of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
A comparison of the enthalpies of hydrogenation of dienes reveals that conjugated dienes release less heat on hydrogenation, rendering them more stable than their nonconjugated analogs.
PD Controller: Design01:26

PD Controller: Design

In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
Types of Damping01:20

Types of Damping

If the amount of damping in a system is gradually increased, the period and frequency start to become affected because damping opposes, and hence slows, the back and forth motion (the net force is smaller in both directions). If there is a very large amount of damping, the system does not even oscillate; instead, it slowly moves toward equilibrium. In brief, an overdamped system moves slowly towards equilibrium, whereas an underdamped system moves quickly to equilibrium but will oscillate about...
Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell01:06

Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell

A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Patterned Photostimulation with Digital Micromirror Devices to Investigate Dendritic Integration Across Branch Points
09:30

Patterned Photostimulation with Digital Micromirror Devices to Investigate Dendritic Integration Across Branch Points

Published on: March 2, 2011

Modular stems in DDH.

F Benazzo1, F Cuzzocrea, S Stroppa

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. f.benazzo@smatteo.pv.it

Hip International : the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Research on Hip Pathology and Therapy
|February 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Modulus system, combining a conical stem and modular neck, offers excellent outcomes for complex hip replacements. This modularity enhances reconstruction options, improving patient satisfaction and implant longevity.

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Design and Fabrication of an Elastomeric Unit for Soft Modular Robots in Minimally Invasive Surgery
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Design and Fabrication of an Elastomeric Unit for Soft Modular Robots in Minimally Invasive Surgery
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Design and Fabrication of an Elastomeric Unit for Soft Modular Robots in Minimally Invasive Surgery

Published on: November 14, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Biomedical engineering
  • Reconstructive surgery

Background:

  • The "difficult hip" presents challenges in total hip replacement (THR).
  • Congenital hip dysplasia (CDH) and other hip deformities require specialized reconstructive approaches.
  • Existing prosthetic systems may not adequately address complex femoral morphology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the Modulus system for total hip replacement.
  • To assess the efficacy of modularity in addressing complex hip anatomy and biomechanics.
  • To determine the suitability of the Modulus system for patients with congenital or acquired hip deformities.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Modulus conical stem and modular neck system, often with the Delta cup.
  • Employed large diameter heads (32-36 mm) and ceramic-on-ceramic coupling.
  • Treated 51 patients with CDH and other hip deformities since November 2002.

Main Results:

  • Achieved very good clinical and radiographic results in CDH patients.
  • Demonstrated a significant increase in Merle D'Aubigné scores from an average of 10 preoperatively to 17.5 postoperatively.
  • Successfully restored normal hip biomechanics, including offset and anteversion, leading to improved stability and patient satisfaction.

Conclusions:

  • The Modulus system is a valuable tool for optimizing THR outcomes, particularly in complex cases with altered femoral morphology.
  • Modularity allows for precise reconstruction, enhancing stability, implant longevity, and patient-reported outcomes like limb length and range of motion.
  • The combination with large diameter heads offers superior durability and functional restoration for young, active patients with severe hip deformities.