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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
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Appendicitis

Appendicitis

Appendicitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the vermiform appendix, most commonly caused by obstruction of its lumen. The appendix is a narrow, blind-ended pouch that extends from the cecum, making it particularly prone to obstruction. Causes include fecaliths, lymphoid hyperplasia (often after viral infections), parasites, tumors, or foreign bodies. This obstruction initiates a cascade of pathological changes.Luminal Obstruction and Early InflammationAfter obstruction, normal mucosal...

Intestinal Obstruction I: Introduction

Intestinal Obstruction I: Introduction

Intestinal obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine that disrupts the normal flow of intestinal contents through the lumen. This interruption impairs digestion, absorption, and fluid balance, and may lead to serious complications if not treated promptly.Mechanical ObstructionMechanical obstruction occurs when a physical blockage prevents intestinal contents from passing, arising from within the lumen or the bowel wall, or from external compression.Adhesions,...

Appendicitis-I: Introduction

Appendicitis-I: Introduction

The appendix, a small, narrow, blind tube extending from the inferior part of the cecum, is widely regarded as a vestigial organ, having lost much of its original function through evolution. Despite its diminished role, the appendix can become inflamed, a condition known as appendicitis.
Etiology: Appendicitis can arise from various causes, primarily rooted in the obstruction of the appendix lumen. Factors contributing to this obstruction include fecal accumulation, lymphoid hyperplasia and, in...

Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology

Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology

Intestinal obstruction triggers a series of physiological responses, starting with gas and fluid accumulation in the bowel segment proximal to the obstruction, leading to distension. This distended intestine compresses the diaphragm, hindering lung expansion and potentially leading to reduced respiratory effort, atelectasis, and pneumonia.To overcome the blockage, the gut intensifies contractions, causing colicky abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, which reduces fluid and food intake and...

Pyloric Obstruction

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Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Surgical Robot-Assisted Transanal Specimen Extraction Radical Sigmoidectomy Without an Auxiliary Abdominal Incision

Surgical Robot-Assisted Transanal Specimen Extraction Radical Sigmoidectomy Without an Auxiliary Abdominal Incision

Published on: June 13, 2025

Unusual sized cecal mass presenting without obstruction: a case report.

Ali R Elyassi¹, Kevin Lin-Hurtubise, Ronald Gagliano

¹Postgraduate Resident Year2, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA. Ali.Elyassi@amedd.army.mil.

|February 10, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Large colorectal cancer (CRC) can occur without obstruction, challenging typical prognostic factors. This case highlights that tumor size alone doesn't always predict bowel obstruction in CRC patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Surgical Robot-Assisted Transanal Specimen Extraction Radical Sigmoidectomy Without an Auxiliary Abdominal Incision

Surgical Robot-Assisted Transanal Specimen Extraction Radical Sigmoidectomy Without an Auxiliary Abdominal Incision

Published on: June 13, 2025

Area of Science:

Oncology
Gastroenterology

Background:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant cause of cancer-related mortality.
Bowel obstruction is a common complication of CRC and a predictor of poor prognosis.
Obstruction and perforation have been observed in colorectal masses smaller than 6 cm.

Purpose of the Study:

To present an unusual case of a large colonic adenocarcinoma.
To highlight a case of CRC without signs of obstruction or perforation despite large tumor size.

Main Methods:

Case report presentation.
Clinical and pathological data review of a patient with colonic adenocarcinoma.

Main Results:

A large colonic adenocarcinoma measuring 13 x 12 x 16 cm was identified.
The tumor did not present with any signs of bowel obstruction or perforation.

Conclusions:

Perioperative mortality for obstructive CRC ranges from 5% to 47.6%.
Obstruction is a critical factor influencing long-term survival in colorectal cancer patients.
The relationship between colorectal tumor size/staging and the likelihood of obstruction requires further investigation.