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Comparison and expectancy processes in human judgment.

M Manis1, M Biernat, T F Nelson

  • 1Research Center for Group Dynamics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
|August 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary
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Prior experience influences judgments by providing comparison points and expectations for new category members. Both processes significantly impact assessments, sometimes conflicting and sometimes reinforcing each other.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Judgment and Decision Making

Background:

  • The Manis and Paskewitz (1984a) model posits that prior category member experience shapes judgments of new exemplars.
  • This experience influences assessments through comparison and expectancy mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically investigate the judgment model proposed by Manis and Paskewitz (1984a).
  • To examine the distinct and combined roles of comparison and expectancy processes in social judgment.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted using a judgment task involving assessing people's height from photographs.
  • The height of individuals in an initial 'induction series' served as the primary independent variable.
  • Contrasting stimuli (e.g., short vs. tall individuals) were used in the induction series to influence subsequent judgments in a 'test series'.

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Main Results:

  • Judgments in the test series were significantly affected by the contrasting inductions in the prior series.
  • Evidence supported the operation of both comparison and expectancy processes.
  • These processes were observed to act in opposition or in parallel, influencing judgments concurrently.

Conclusions:

  • The findings provide empirical support for the Manis and Paskewitz (1984a) model of judgment.
  • Both comparison and expectancy processes are crucial, interacting mechanisms in how prior experience shapes current assessments.
  • The interplay between these processes can lead to complex and sometimes opposing effects on judgment outcomes.