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Related Concept Videos

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution01:27

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
Drug-Receptor Bonds01:25

Drug-Receptor Bonds

Drug-receptor bonds are formed through various chemical forces when drugs interact with target cells. Covalent bonds, strong and irreversible, are exemplified by DNA-alkylating anticancer agents that inhibit cell division. However, such irreversible drug binding lacks selectivity and can modify the DNA of the surrounding healthy cells. Covalent binding often contributes to tissue toxicity, as seen with chloroform and paracetamol metabolites binding to the liver, causing hepatotoxicity.
In...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs
12:08

Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs

Published on: June 21, 2018

Drug incompatibility chemistry.

David W Newton1

  • 1Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA 22601, USA. dnewton@su.edu

American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : AJHP : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
|February 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug incompatibility often occurs due to acid-base reactions forming nonionized drug precipitates, especially in injectable solutions. Understanding drug properties is key to preventing hazardous precipitation.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Chemistry
  • Solution Chemistry
  • Drug Formulation

Background:

  • Drug incompatibility in solutions poses significant clinical risks.
  • Many drugs are organic, weak electrolytes, often formulated as ionized salts for injections.
  • Understanding acid-base chemistry is crucial for safe drug preparation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the chemical interactions causing drug incompatibility.
  • To focus on acid-base equilibria and ionization states of organic drugs.
  • To identify factors leading to precipitation in drug solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of chemical interactions in drug solutions.
  • Emphasis on acid-base reactions and ionization/nonionization of weak electrolytes.
  • Review of drug properties, pH, and concentration effects.

Main Results:

  • Acid-base reactions are the primary cause of drug incompatibility and precipitation.
  • Formation of nonionized drug forms is the most likely cause of precipitation upon dilution or mixing.
  • Precipitation risk increases with high concentrations of oppositely charged organic drug ions.

Conclusions:

  • Drug and nutrient injection incompatibility is a serious clinical hazard.
  • Expertise in drug incompatibility requires knowledge of chemical properties, acid-base equilibria, and solubility.
  • Suspect precipitation when mixing concentrated, oppositely charged drug salts or when pH shifts favor nonionized forms.