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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
06:27

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Published on: May 6, 2013

Type 1 diabetes: chronic progressive autoimmune disease.

Li Zhang1, Roberto Gianani, Maki Nakayama

  • 1Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80010, USA.

Novartis Foundation Symposium
|February 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Type 1A diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by T cell destruction of islet beta cells, with insulin as a key autoantigen. Early prediction is now possible, enabling trials to prevent beta cell loss.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
06:27

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High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model
11:31

High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model

Published on: August 16, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Type 1A diabetes results from T cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells.
  • In the NOD mouse model, insulin and its peptide B:9-23 are identified as primary autoantigens central to pathogenesis.
  • The chronic autoimmune process and gradual loss of beta cell function precede clinical diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for predicting type 1A diabetes development.
  • To highlight the potential for therapeutic interventions based on predictive capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of animal model data (NOD mouse) identifying key autoantigens.
  • Analysis of genetic, immunological, and metabolic parameters for predicting disease onset.
  • Assessment of the chronic nature of autoimmunity and beta cell function decline.

Main Results:

  • Insulin and its peptide B:9-23 are critical in type 1A diabetes pathogenesis.
  • Accurate prediction of type 1A diabetes is achievable in most individuals.
  • Prediction is based on a combination of genetic, immunological, and metabolic markers.

Conclusions:

  • The chronic and predictable nature of type 1A diabetes autoimmunity allows for intervention.
  • Predictive capabilities open avenues for clinical trials aimed at preventing beta cell destruction.
  • Understanding the autoimmune basis and predictive markers is crucial for therapeutic development.