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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
06:56

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Published on: March 19, 2015

The influenza virus enigma.

Rachelle Salomon1, Robert G Webster

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2678, USA.

Cell
|February 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug-resistant influenza viruses like H1N1 and H5N1 pose significant global health threats. Better prediction of seasonal and pandemic influenza is crucial for effective control strategies.

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In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

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Purification and Visualization of Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes
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Purification and Visualization of Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
06:56

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Published on: March 19, 2015

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation
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In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

Published on: March 27, 2016

Purification and Visualization of Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes
09:35

Purification and Visualization of Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes

Published on: February 9, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses present ongoing challenges to healthcare.
  • Drug-resistant H1N1 influenza viruses were prevalent in the 2009 season.
  • H5N1 avian influenza virus causes mortality in humans and poultry in Eurasia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the pathogenesis and transmissibility of influenza viruses.
  • To highlight the necessity for improved prediction of influenza outbreaks.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on influenza virus pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of transmissibility data for influenza strains.
  • Review of current prediction models for influenza.

Main Results:

  • Influenza virus pathogenesis and transmission dynamics are complex.
  • Existing prediction methods for influenza outbreaks require enhancement.
  • Drug resistance and viral strain evolution are key concerns.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding influenza pathogenesis and transmissibility is vital.
  • Developing superior predictors for seasonal and pandemic influenza is essential.
  • Continued research is needed to combat evolving influenza threats.