Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
Protein degradation plays two important roles in the cells. It helps to protect cells from misfolded or damaged proteins before they lead to a...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of <i>DFR</i> alters pigmentation and shifts flavonoid accumulation in red leaf lettuce without detectable growth penalties.

Frontiers in genome editing·2026
Same author

Development of a Self-Adjuvanting Influenza Peptide-Glycolipid Conjugate Inducing CD8<sup>+</sup> T-Cell Immunity.

Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology·2026
Same author

Ubiquitination of MHC class II molecules regulates B-cell development and response to antigens in mice.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2025
Same author

Identification of beneficial symbiont candidates in commensalism as potential oral gatekeepers.

Microbiology spectrum·2025
Same author

PLAAT5 as an N-acyltransferase responsible for the generation of anti-inflammatory N-acylethanolamines in testis.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids·2024
Same author

High Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density Differentially Improves Edible Biomass Space Use Efficacy in Edamame and Dwarf Tomato.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function
06:06

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function

Published on: May 14, 2021

E3 ubiquitin ligases for MHC molecules.

Satoshi Ishido1, Eiji Goto, Yohei Matsuki

  • 1RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. ishido@rcai.riken.jp

Current Opinion in Immunology
|February 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Novel E3 ubiquitin ligases targeting MHC molecules for degradation were discovered. These membrane-bound proteins, belonging to the Modulator of Immune Recognition (MIR) family, offer new insights into immune regulation and viral pathogenesis.

More Related Videos

In-vitro Reconstitution of Bacterial Ubiquitination and VCP/p97-mediated Elimination
07:58

In-vitro Reconstitution of Bacterial Ubiquitination and VCP/p97-mediated Elimination

Published on: January 2, 2026

Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta
10:27

Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta

Published on: December 5, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function
06:06

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function

Published on: May 14, 2021

In-vitro Reconstitution of Bacterial Ubiquitination and VCP/p97-mediated Elimination
07:58

In-vitro Reconstitution of Bacterial Ubiquitination and VCP/p97-mediated Elimination

Published on: January 2, 2026

Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta
10:27

Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta

Published on: December 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • MHC molecules are crucial for immune recognition.
  • E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate protein degradation.
  • Lysosomal degradation pathways are key cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the discovery of novel E3 ubiquitin ligases.
  • To characterize these E3s and their unique domains.
  • To establish a new E3 family, Modulator of Immune Recognition (MIR).

Main Methods:

  • Identification of novel E3 ubiquitin ligases.
  • Characterization of their membrane-bound nature.
  • Analysis of their unique RING-CH (RING variant) domains.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of several novel E3 ubiquitin ligases.
  • Confirmation that these E3s target MHC molecules for lysosomal degradation.
  • Establishment of the Modulator of Immune Recognition (MIR) E3 family.

Conclusions:

  • The MIR family represents a new class of E3 ubiquitin ligases.
  • These E3s play a significant role in MHC molecule regulation.
  • The discovery provides new avenues for understanding viral pathogenesis and immune responses.