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Vitamins

Vitamins

Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...

Teratogenicity

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants

Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
Warfarin, a prominent vitamin K antagonist family member, exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1). By hindering this enzyme, warfarin...

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin D3(cholecalciferol).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes

Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes

Published on: May 10, 2022

[Vitamin intake and pregnancy].

S Pelissetto¹, M Zonca, L Marozio

¹Dipartimento di Discipline, Ginecologiche e Ostetriche, Cattedra C, Università di Torino, Torino, Italia.

Minerva Ginecologica

|February 11, 2009

Summary

Adequate prenatal vitamins and minerals are crucial for preventing adverse maternal and infant outcomes. Supplementation is a cost-effective solution for improving pregnancy health, especially in at-risk populations.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes

Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes

Published on: May 10, 2022

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Nutritional Science
Public Health

Context:

Maternal and infant nutrition are critical for healthy pregnancy outcomes.
Dietary intake of essential vitamins and minerals is often insufficient during the preconceptional period and pregnancy, particularly in developing nations and during famine.
Even in developed countries, women's diets may not meet the increased micronutrient demands of pregnancy.

Purpose:

To highlight the importance of adequate micronutrient intake during preconceptional and pregnancy periods.
To emphasize the role of multivitamin supplementation in preventing adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.
To present multivitamin preparations as a practical and cost-effective solution for improving pregnancy health.

Summary:

Sufficient intake of vitamins and minerals before and during pregnancy is vital for reducing adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.
Micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent, especially in developing countries and during famine, but also affect women in developed nations.
Combined micronutrient supplements offer a convenient, cost-effective method to prevent obstetric complications like preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and preeclampsia.

Impact:

Improved maternal and infant health through adequate micronutrition.
Reduced incidence of costly obstetric pathologies, benefiting healthcare systems.
Enhanced public health strategies for prenatal nutrition, particularly in vulnerable populations.