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Related Concept Videos

Brick Cutting Techniques01:08

Brick Cutting Techniques

Brick-cutting techniques involve various tools and methods to shape bricks for construction. A mason's hammer with a chisel-pointed end is used for basic shaping through sharp, precise strikes. For more complex shapes requiring higher precision, a power saw with a water-cooled diamond blade is used.
Cut bricks are categorized by size. Bricks cut to half their original length are called half-bats, while those cut to three-fourths their length are known as three-fourth bats.
Special types of cut...
Shotcrete01:18

Shotcrete

Shotcrete is a specialized technique where mortar or small aggregate concrete rich in cement content is sprayed onto a surface at high velocity. The force of impact compacts the material and enables it to cling to vertical or overhead areas without sagging. The technique involves layering the shotcrete in stages until it reaches approximately 4 inches in thickness. Operator skill in nozzle management is pivotal in deciding the quality of the shotcrete. Shotcrete is used in constructing tunnel...
Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength01:12

Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength

The rebound hammer test, also known as the Schmidt hammer test, is a non-destructive technique for evaluating the hardness of concrete and, indirectly, the strength of concrete. It operates on the principle that the rebound of a spring-driven mass from a concrete surface correlates to the surface's hardness. The device comprises a mass within a tubular housing, a spring mechanism, and a plunger that strikes the concrete. Upon release, the energy imparted to the mass by the spring causes it to...
Taping Over Different Ground Profiles01:12

Taping Over Different Ground Profiles

Taping over varying ground profiles requires careful adaptation to achieve accurate measurements. On smooth, level ground with minimal vegetation, the tape can rest directly on the ground. Here, the taping team, typically consisting of a head and a rear tapeman, coordinates their positions with clear communication. The rear tapeman holds the tape at the starting point and guides the head tapeman toward a range pole placed beyond the endpoint, using hand or voice signals to ensure alignment.On...
Acid Attack on Concrete01:21

Acid Attack on Concrete

When acids come into contact with concrete, they initiate a chemical reaction that dissolves the hydrated cement paste. This process leads to softening and structural weakening of the concrete. This issue is commonly observed in environments such as chimneys, sewers, and industrial settings. The severity of the damage increases as the pH of the water interacting with the concrete drops below 6.5. In particular, a pH under 4.5 can cause significant concrete damage.
The rate at which hydrogen...
Bleeding in Fresh Concrete01:22

Bleeding in Fresh Concrete

Bleeding in fresh concrete occurs when water from the mix rises to the surface. This happens because the mix's solid components fail to retain all the water as they settle, leading to separation where water collects at the top. The severity of bleeding can be measured by assessing the total settlement or by noting the decrease in height per unit height of concrete.
Bleeding can cause several issues in the concrete structure. Sometimes, the rising water gets trapped beneath large aggregate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation
09:12

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation

Published on: June 28, 2015

Suicide by shooting with a tiling hammer.

Peter Mackley1, Klaus Püschel, Elisabeth E Turk

  • 1East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom.

International Journal of Legal Medicine
|February 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A rare suicide case involved a self-made firearm. Forensic investigation revealed a unique hammer-activated device, not the initially suspected gas pistol, as the cause of death.

Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Pathology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Reports of self-made firearms are infrequent in forensic investigations.
  • This case presents an unusual scenario involving multiple potential weapons at a death scene.

Observation:

  • A 36-year-old male was discovered deceased with a suspected gunshot wound near a lake.
  • A gas pistol was found in the lake, but testing confirmed it was unfired.
  • A metal pipe and hammer, initially unidentified, were subsequently identified as the functional, self-made firearm.

Findings:

  • The deceased constructed a unique, functional firearm using a metal pipe and hammer, activated by a hammer mechanism.
  • The cause of death was determined to be suicide utilizing this improvised weapon.

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  • The investigation highlights the complexity arising from the presence of multiple, distinct potential weapons.

    • Implications:

    • This case underscores the importance of thorough forensic examination when multiple potential weapons are present.
    • The findings are relevant for forensic scientists, pathologists, and law enforcement in identifying and analyzing self-made firearms.
    • It emphasizes the need to consider improvised devices in suicide investigations, even when conventional firearms are found at the scene.