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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia
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A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

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Measuring kinaesthetic sensitivity in typically developing children.

Kristen Pickett1, Jürgen Konczak

  • 1Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55418, USA. pick0093@umn.edu

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
|February 12, 2009
PubMed
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Children

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Kinesiology

Background:

  • Kinaesthesia, or limb position sense, is crucial for motor control.
  • Quantifying sensitivity to passive limb motion is challenging in clinical settings.
  • Understanding kinaesthetic development in children is essential for identifying potential motor deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a method for measuring children's sensitivity to passive forearm motion.
  • To compare passive motion detection thresholds between pre-adolescent children and healthy adults.
  • To establish optimal velocity ranges for testing passive motion sensitivity in pediatric populations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel passive motion apparatus to assess psychophysical detection thresholds.

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  • Measured time to detection and directional error for passive forearm movements.
  • Tested 20 typically developing pre-adolescent children and 10 healthy adults across various velocities (0.075–1.35 degrees /s).

    • Main Results:

    • Limb motion sensitivity variability increased below 0.3 degrees /s in both children and adults.
    • Children exhibited significantly longer movement detection times (4–108% increase) compared to adults.
    • At 0.075 degrees /s, motion perception was unreliable, with 95% of children and 50% of adults making directional errors.

    Conclusions:

    • Passive forearm motion sensitivity in children is best assessed between 0.075 and 0.3 degrees /s.
    • Pre-adolescent children demonstrate less developed passive motion sensitivity compared to adults.
    • Findings suggest that kinaesthetic sensitivity continues to mature through pre-adolescence.