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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
Cystic Fibrosis: Management01:24

Cystic Fibrosis: Management

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder that predominantly affects individuals of Northern European descent, occurring at a rate of 1 in 3500. It is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene on chromosome 7, most commonly the ΔF508 mutation, that codes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. This results in thicker mucus secretions and obstruction pathologies in multiple organs, including the lungs and sinuses.
Sinus disease and chronic sinusitis...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Treatment Resistent Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistent Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis
06:38

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Published on: September 12, 2019

Hepatitis C genotype 4 therapy: increasing options and improving outcomes.

Sanaa M Kamal1

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt. sanaakamal@comcast.net

Liver International : Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver
|February 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis C virus genotype 4 (HCV-G4) treatment has improved, with higher sustained virological response (SVR) rates exceeding 60% using pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Further research is needed for difficult-to-treat populations like intravenous drug users and HIV-co-infected patients.

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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis
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An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Published on: September 12, 2019

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
13:04

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus genotype 4 (HCV-G4) is prevalent in the Middle East, Africa, and spreading in Europe.
  • HCV-G4 is a significant health concern in Egypt (13% prevalence) and among European intravenous drug users (IDUs).
  • HCV-G4 is historically difficult to treat, with low sustained virological response (SVR) rates on interferon-based regimens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current therapeutic strategies for HCV-G4 infections.
  • To highlight treatment challenges and advancements in different patient populations.
  • To assess the efficacy of newer combination therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on HCV-G4 treatment strategies.
  • Analysis of sustained virological response (SVR) rates with different regimens.
  • Evaluation of treatment outcomes in specific populations, including IDUs and HIV-co-infected patients.

Main Results:

  • Pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy significantly improved SVR rates, exceeding 60% with individualized approaches.
  • Lower response rates observed in chronic HCV-G4 infected IDUs and HIV-co-infected patients.
  • Rapid and early virological responses are valuable for guiding therapy duration.

Conclusions:

  • HCV-G4 therapy has seen significant improvements, offering higher SVR rates and potential for shorter treatment durations.
  • Optimizing treatment for special populations, such as IDUs and HIV-co-infected patients, requires further research.
  • Current advancements provide better outcomes but necessitate continued investigation for challenging cases.