Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

Liver Regeneration

Liver Regeneration

The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
Cells of Liver
The liver comprises four major types of cells— hepatocytes, stellate, Kupffer, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The hepatocytes are large...

Diphtheria

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...

Chickenpox

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Chronic HDV Infection Shows Higher HBsAg Isoform Levels than HBV Infection, Paralleling HDV Replicative Activity.

Viruses·2026

Same author

Best practices for screening, testing, diagnosing, and treating patients with hepatitis D (delta) virus based on global expert review and recent guidelines.

Antiviral therapy·2025

Same author

The Medical Impact of Hepatitis D Virus Infection in Natives and Immigrants: The Italian Paradigm.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2025

Same author

Liver transplantation for hepatitis D virus/hepatitis B virus coinfection in Italy: An intention-to-treat analysis of long-term outcomes.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons·2025

Same author

MiRNome Profiling of Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis D Undergoing Pegylated Interferon Alpha Treatment.

Journal of viral hepatitis·2024

Same author

Long-term outcome of hepatitis delta in different regions world-wide: Results of the Hepatitis Delta International Network.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis D: the comeback?

Mario Rizzetto¹

¹Department of Gastroenterology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. mrizzetto@molinette.piemonte.it

Liver International : Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver

|February 12, 2009

Summary

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection has decreased in Europe due to public health improvements and vaccination. However, recent migration has stabilized HDV rates, maintaining it as a global health concern.

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Virology
Public Health

Background:

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection, dependent on Hepatitis B virus (HBV), has seen a significant decline in Europe since the late 20th century.
Prevalence rates of chronic HDV in HBsAg carriers in Italy dropped from 25% in the early 1980s to 8% in the 1990s, with similar trends observed in Spain, Taiwan, and Turkey.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the epidemiological trends of Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in Europe.
To identify factors contributing to the decline and recent stabilization of HDV prevalence.

Main Methods:

Review of epidemiological data on HDV prevalence in Europe and globally.
Analysis of factors influencing HBV and HDV transmission, including public health measures, vaccination, and migration patterns.

More Related Videos

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Published on: October 20, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Published on: October 20, 2021

Main Results:

A substantial decrease in HDV prevalence was observed in Europe from the 1970s-1980s, attributed to improved public health, HBV vaccination, and HIV control measures.
HDV rates have plateaued in Europe in the last decade, with new infections in migrants from endemic regions offsetting the decline in older domestic infections.
Hepatitis D remains a significant health issue globally, with emerging foci in developing countries.

Conclusions:

While public health interventions have reduced HDV in Europe, migration patterns are now sustaining prevalence.
Hepatitis D continues to pose a substantial global health challenge, necessitating ongoing surveillance and control efforts, particularly in endemic regions.