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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Assessing Cellular Stress and Inflammation in Discrete Oxytocin-secreting Brain Nuclei in the Neonatal Rat Before and After First Colostrum Feeding
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Exercise is associated with elevated proinflammatory cytokines in human milk.

Maureen W Groër1, Melissa M Shelton

  • 1University of South Florida, College of Nursing, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. mgroer@health.usf.edu

Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : JOGNN
|February 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Postpartum exercise may increase proinflammatory cytokines in breast milk, but does not affect secretory immunoglobulin A. Further research is needed to understand heavy exercise impacts during early postpartum recovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Human Lactation
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Breast milk composition is crucial for infant immunity.
  • Postpartum recovery involves significant physiological changes.
  • The impact of maternal exercise on breast milk components requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between maternal exercise and immune factors in breast milk.
  • To analyze concentrations of cytokines and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in relation to exercise levels.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 58 human hindmilk samples collected 4-6 weeks postpartum.
  • Quantification of 20 cytokines using multiplex assay.
  • Measurement of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) via ELISA.
  • Calculation of caloric expenditure based on self-reported exercise (METs).

Main Results:

  • Proinflammatory cytokines in breast milk increased with higher exercise intensity (caloric expenditure).
  • Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations in milk remained unaffected by maternal exercise levels.

Conclusions:

  • Preliminary findings suggest a link between maternal exercise intensity and pro-inflammatory cytokines in breast milk.
  • Further longitudinal studies with structured exercise assessments are necessary.
  • Clarification is needed regarding recommendations for exercise during the early postpartum period.