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Related Concept Videos

Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...
Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no movement.
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Axial and Appendicular Muscles01:18

Axial and Appendicular Muscles

Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
Axial Muscles
Axial muscles, situated along the body's midline, are intricately connected to the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles facilitate facial expressions and play a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
What is the Skeletal System?01:02

What is the Skeletal System?

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis
07:51

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis

Published on: October 20, 2022

Gout in the axial skeleton.

Rukmini M Konatalapalli1, Paul J Demarco, James S Jelinek

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.

The Journal of Rheumatology
|February 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Axial gout, affecting the spine, is more common than previously thought, with 14% of patients showing radiographic changes. This study highlights the need for better clinical recognition of spinal gout.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis
07:51

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis

Published on: October 20, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Radiology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Gout predominantly affects peripheral joints, with axial skeleton involvement being rare and poorly documented.
  • Existing literature on axial gout consists mainly of isolated case reports and small series.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency and characteristics of axial gout.
  • To investigate the prevalence of spinal involvement in patients with gout.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 630 medical records for peripheral gout (ICD codes 274.0, 274.82, 274.9).
  • Analysis of computed tomography (CT) images of the spine in 64 patients with confirmed gout.
  • Evaluation of CT scans for specific features of axial gout, including vertebral erosions, tophi deposits, and involvement of spinal structures.

Main Results:

  • Radiographic evidence of axial gout was found in 9 out of 64 patients (14% frequency).
  • The lumbar spine was the most frequently affected region, with facet joint erosions being the most common finding.
  • Two patients showed isolated sacroiliac joint involvement; only one patient had a prior clinical diagnosis of axial gout.

Conclusions:

  • Radiographic changes suggestive of axial gout are more prevalent than clinically recognized.
  • The true frequency of axial gout may be underestimated due to limited CT imaging availability in the study cohort.
  • Further prospective studies are recommended to fully characterize axial gout and its clinical implications.