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Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
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Replication in Prokaryotes02:35

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Replication in Prokaryotes02:35

Replication in Prokaryotes

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The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...
The Replisome03:01

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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Production of Double-stranded DNA Ministrings
06:12

Production of Double-stranded DNA Ministrings

Published on: February 29, 2016

The replication of plastid minicircles involves rolling circle intermediates.

Siu Kai Leung1, Joseph T Y Wong

  • 1Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.

Nucleic Acids Research
|February 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Peridinin-containing dinoflagellates replicate unique minicircles using rolling circle replication. This process involves specific DNA intermediates, distinct from typical replication methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Marine Biology

Background:

  • Peridinin-containing dinoflagellates possess unique plastid genomes organized on multiple minicircles.
  • These minicircles contain genes and conserved, AT-rich non-coding regions with repeats.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the replication mechanism of minicircles in peridinin-containing dinoflagellates.
  • To characterize unusual DNA structures observed during minicircle replication.

Main Methods:

  • Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Southern blot analysis using non-coding region (NCR) probes.
  • DNA-replication inhibitor (aphidicolin) treatment and exonuclease III sensitivity assays.
  • Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and atomic force microscopy.

Main Results:

  • Additional positive bands (APBs) of 6-8 kb were detected, distinct from 2-3 kb minicircles.
  • APBs diminished with aphidicolin treatment and were sensitive to exonuclease III, suggesting linear DNA intermediates.
  • PFGE, 2D-gel electrophoresis, and atomic force microscopy supported rolling circle replication intermediates.

Conclusions:

  • The replication of dinoflagellate minicircles involves rolling circle intermediates.
  • This mechanism is distinct from the bubble-forming replication typically observed in other organisms.