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Related Concept Videos

Corrosion02:49

Corrosion

The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are examples of corrosion. Corrosion involves the oxidation of metals. Sometimes it is protective, such as the oxidation of copper or aluminum, wherein a protective layer of metal oxide or its derivatives forms on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from further oxidation. In other cases, corrosion is...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...

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Using Magnetometry to Monitor Cellular Incorporation and Subsequent Biodegradation of Chemically Synthetized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
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Using Magnetometry to Monitor Cellular Incorporation and Subsequent Biodegradation of Chemically Synthetized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: February 27, 2021

Partial oxidation ("aging") and surface modification decrease the toxicity of nanosized zerovalent iron.

Tanapon Phenrat1, Thomas C Long, Gregory V Lowry

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.

Environmental Science & Technology
|February 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging and surface modification of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) reduce its neurotoxicity. These changes decrease oxidative stress and particle agglomeration, making nZVI safer for environmental remediation applications.

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Published on: May 4, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a nanomaterial utilized for groundwater remediation.
  • Understanding the environmental fate and potential neurotoxicity of nZVI is crucial for its safe application.
  • Aging and surface modification are key factors influencing nanomaterial properties and biological interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of aging and surface modification on the neurotoxicity of nZVI.
  • To compare the toxicological effects of fresh nZVI, aged nZVI, magnetite, and polyaspartate surface-modified nZVI on microglia and neurons.
  • To correlate physicochemical properties with observed toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Cultured rodent microglia (BV2) and neurons (N27) were exposed to different nZVI formulations.
  • Assessed oxidative stress markers, cell morphology, mitochondrial function, and ATP levels.
  • Characterized physicochemical properties including zeta potential, iron content, agglomeration, and sedimentation.

Main Results:

  • Fresh nZVI exhibited the highest toxicity to both microglia and neurons, indicated by oxidative stress and reduced ATP levels.
  • Aging and surface modification of nZVI decreased its redox activity, agglomeration, and sedimentation.
  • Surface modification reduced nZVI toxicity by limiting particle exposure through decreased sedimentation.

Conclusions:

  • Partial oxidation and surface modification significantly reduce the neurotoxicity of nZVI.
  • Physicochemical changes due to aging and modification alter the interaction of nZVI with cells.
  • Strategies like surface modification can mitigate the potential risks associated with nZVI in environmental applications.