Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Pharmacovigilance01:19

Pharmacovigilance

Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
In some cases, there...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Newborn Infants Selectively Attend to Points That Refer to Objects.

Developmental science·2026
Same author

"I can do math!": A self-regulated learning intervention to enhance math-related motivational factors and performance in middle school.

The British journal of educational psychology·2025
Same author

Deafness, Hearing Loss and the Development of Mental State Reasoning Skills: A Review.

Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science·2025
Same author

Human newborns spontaneously attend to prosocial interactions.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Longitudinal relationships between visuospatial working memory, verbal counting and number line knowledge in preschoolers.

Psychological research·2025
Same author

Core Moral Concepts and the Sense of Fairness in Human Infants.

Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)·2025
Same journal

The frequency of childhood gender-nonconforming behavior in a nationally representative sample.

Developmental psychology·2026
Same journal

Linking childhood adversity and daily hassles to adolescent sleep behaviors: Diurnal cortisol as a mediating pathway.

Developmental psychology·2026
Same journal

Infants' expectations about caregivers' comforting behavior and associations with maternal depressive symptoms at 6, 9, and 12 months.

Developmental psychology·2026
Same journal

Nonsymbolic ratio and fraction magnitude processing predict fraction knowledge in early grades.

Developmental psychology·2026
Same journal

The growing influence of the parental monitoring-peer affiliation pathway in early adolescence.

Developmental psychology·2026
Same journal

Employing a cohort-sequential design spanning 30 years to understand trajectories of maturity fears.

Developmental psychology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

Foreknowledge, caring, and the side-effect effect in young children.

Sandra Pellizzoni1, Michael Siegal, Luca Surian

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Trieste, Italy.

Developmental Psychology
|February 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children exhibit a "side-effect" effect, judging harmful outcomes as intentional more than beneficial ones. This asymmetry in intentionality judgments persists even when foreknowledge is absent, highlighting moral reasoning development.

More Related Videos

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood
08:09

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Published on: February 11, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood
08:09

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Published on: February 11, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Development
  • Moral Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Adults and children display a
  • side-effect
  • effect, judging harmful outcomes of actions as intentional more than beneficial ones.
  • This asymmetry suggests a potential link between moral considerations and intentionality judgments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of foreknowledge and agent caring in children's intentionality judgments.
  • To examine the robustness of the
  • side-effect
  • effect in young children.
  • To explore developmental continuity in the relationship between morality and intentionality.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted with 188 children aged 4 and 5 years.
  • Participants evaluated the intentionality of actions based on described agent characteristics (foreknowledge, caring) and outcome valence (harmful, beneficial).

Main Results:

  • Children demonstrated the
  • side-effect
  • effect, attributing intentionality more to harmful than beneficial outcomes.
  • This effect was observed even when agents lacked foreknowledge.
  • Intentionality attributions were higher for negative outcomes when agent caring was unspecified, and low for positive outcomes regardless of foreknowledge.

Conclusions:

  • Children's intentionality judgments are robustly asymmetrical, influenced by outcome valence.
  • The
  • side-effect
  • effect is evident in young children and is shaped by factors beyond mere foreknowledge.
  • Findings support developmental continuity in the interplay between moral reasoning and intentionality attribution.