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Playing chess unconsciously.

Andrea Kiesel1, Wilfried Kunde, Carsten Pohl

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Wurzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany. kiesel@uni-wuerzburg.de

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|February 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chess experts demonstrate unconscious processing of complex visual stimuli, showing faster responses to familiar chess configurations. This expertise-driven perceptual enhancement enables subliminal judgment of chess positions, unlike novices.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Expertise Studies

Background:

  • Expertise in a domain enhances perceptual abilities.
  • The extent to which complex visual stimuli can unconsciously bias behavior due to expertise is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if expertise improves perceptual processing for unconscious bias of behavior by complex visual stimuli.
  • To determine if expert chess players can unconsciously judge chess configurations.

Main Methods:

  • Expert and novice chess players performed a task judging chess configurations.
  • Masked prime configurations preceded target configurations, varying in congruence.
  • Subliminal response priming effects were measured.

Main Results:

  • Chess experts showed a significant subliminal response priming effect, unlike novices.
  • Priming occurred even with novel configurations, excluding simple repetition.
  • Priming was absent for simpler, uncommon configurations, suggesting domain-specific expertise.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term practice in chess leads to visual memories of configurations with integrated form-location conjunctions.
  • These 'perceptual chunks' facilitate complex visual processing outside conscious awareness.
  • Expertise enables unconscious processing and behavioral bias by domain-specific complex stimuli.