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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Novel Triple-Loop Technique for Suturing TFCC Injuries without Transosseous Tunnel
08:27

Novel Triple-Loop Technique for Suturing TFCC Injuries without Transosseous Tunnel

Published on: May 23, 2025

Wrist instability.

B T Carlsen1, A Y Shin

  • 1Division of Hand Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.

Scandinavian Journal of Surgery : SJS : Official Organ for the Finnish Surgical Society and the Scandinavian Surgical Society
|February 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carpal instability, or wrist instability, causes confusion due to varied terminology. This paper clarifies basic anatomy, pathomechanics, and treatment principles for better understanding of wrist conditions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Novel Triple-Loop Technique for Suturing TFCC Injuries without Transosseous Tunnel
08:27

Novel Triple-Loop Technique for Suturing TFCC Injuries without Transosseous Tunnel

Published on: May 23, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Hand Surgery
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Carpal instability is a complex topic with decades of confusion.
  • Inconsistent terminology among surgeons hinders clear communication.
  • Existing literature often involves extensive, multi-volume reviews.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the fundamental concepts of carpal instability.
  • To provide a foundational understanding of wrist anatomy relevant to instability.
  • To explain the pathomechanics, terminology, and basic treatment principles.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical structures of the wrist.
  • Analysis of biomechanical factors contributing to instability.
  • Consolidation of common terminology and classification systems.
  • Outline of general treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Detailed explanation of carpal anatomy and its role in stability.
  • Description of common pathomechanical pathways leading to instability.
  • Standardization of key terminology for clearer communication.
  • Introduction to fundamental treatment principles.

Conclusions:

  • A clear understanding of carpal instability basics is essential.
  • Standardized terminology and knowledge of anatomy/pathomechanics improve patient care.
  • This paper serves as a foundational guide to wrist instability.