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Related Concept Videos

Electromagnetic Fields01:30

Electromagnetic Fields

Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
However, the observation of Gauss's...
Magnetic Force01:18

Magnetic Force

In addition to the electric forces between electric charges, moving electric charges exert magnetic forces on each other. A magnetic field is created by a moving charge or a group of moving charges known as the electric current. A magnetic force is experienced by a second current or moving charge in response to this magnetic field. Fundamentally, interactions between moving electrons in the atoms of two bodies produce magnetic forces between them.
The magnetic force acting on a moving charge...
Electromagnetic Wave Equation01:24

Electromagnetic Wave Equation

Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields are related to source charges, either static or moving. These fields act on a test charge, whose trajectory can thus be determined using suitable boundary conditions. The objective of electromagnetism is thus theoretically complete.
However, although electric and magnetic fields were first introduced as mathematical constructs to simplify the description of mutual forces between charges, a natural question emerges from Maxwell's equations: What...
Electrical Conductivity01:13

Electrical Conductivity

In perfect conductors, the electric field inside is always zero due to the abundance of free electrons, which nullify any field by flowing. As a result, any residual charge resides on the surface.
In a practical conductor, an applied electric field may be sustained, causing a flow of electrons, which produce a current. The differential form of the current, the current density, is related to the electric field.
More generally, it is related to the force per unit charge, which involves the...
Differential Form of Maxwell's Equations01:17

Differential Form of Maxwell's Equations

James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) was one of the significant contributors to physics in the nineteenth century. He is probably best known for having combined existing knowledge of the laws of electricity and the laws of magnetism with his insights to form a complete overarching electromagnetic theory, represented by Maxwell's equations. The four basic laws of electricity and magnetism were discovered experimentally through the work of physicists such as Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday.
Continuity Equation01:20

Continuity Equation

The total amount of current flowing per unit cross-sectional area is called the current density. Hence, the current passing through a cross-sectional area can be written as the surface integral of the current density.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Finite Element Modelling of a Cellular Electric Microenvironment
08:23

Finite Element Modelling of a Cellular Electric Microenvironment

Published on: May 18, 2021

Elementary electrodynamics.

Jacques Jossinet1

  • 1Inserm, U556, Lyon, France University of Lyon, Lyon, France. Jacques.Jossinet@inserm.fr

Technology and Health Care : Official Journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine
|February 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explains electrical conduction and dielectric properties in living tissues, highlighting cell membranes

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Finite Element Modelling of a Cellular Electric Microenvironment
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04:35

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13:29

Electric and Magnetic Field Devices for Stimulation of Biological Tissues

Published on: May 15, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Biophysics
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Electrical conduction relies on charge carrier movement.
  • Dielectric properties stem from dipole rotation under electric fields.
  • Living tissues exhibit unique electrical and dielectric behaviors due to cellular structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the physical phenomena of electrical conduction and dielectric properties in living tissues.
  • To explain the relationship between electric variables and their physical meanings in conducting media.
  • To detail the role of cell membranes in tissue dielectric properties and bioelectrical characterization.

Main Methods:

  • Explanation of fundamental principles of electrical conduction and dielectric phenomena.
  • Description of how cellular structures, particularly membranes, influence these properties.
  • Overview of electrical impedance spectroscopy tools and applications.

Main Results:

  • Cell presence impedes charge carrier flow, especially at low frequencies.
  • Cell membranes are identified as the primary source of dielectric relaxation.
  • Passive cell membrane responses to electrical signals facilitate bioelectrical tissue characterization.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding electrical and dielectric properties is crucial for analyzing living tissues.
  • Electrical impedance spectroscopy offers valuable insights into tissue characteristics.
  • Further applications of these principles in bioelectrical tissue characterization are emerging.