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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...

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Two pathways of costimulation through CD28.

Jim Miller1, Christina Baker, Kevin Cook

  • 1The David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, Rochester, NY, USA. jim_miller@urmc.rochester.edu

Immunologic Research
|February 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

CD28 costimulation activates naive T cells via two pathways: one linked to T cell receptor signaling and transcriptional enhancement, the other through mRNA stability. Understanding these CD28 signaling mechanisms is crucial for T cell activation.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • CD28 is a key costimulatory molecule for naive T cell activation.
  • The precise biochemical pathways and TCR integration of CD28 signaling remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunological outcomes and biochemical mechanisms of CD28 costimulation.
  • To identify key unresolved questions in CD28 signaling transduction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of CD28 costimulation research.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms integrating CD28 and TCR signaling.

Main Results:

  • CD28 costimulation induces at least two independent activation pathways.
  • One pathway involves transcriptional enhancement integrated with TCR signaling at the immunological synapse.
  • The second pathway operates through the induction of mRNA stability.

Conclusions:

  • CD28 costimulation employs distinct molecular mechanisms to enhance T cell activation.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the transduction of CD28 signals.