Current understanding of ultrafine particulate matter emitted from mobile sources

The physics and chemistry of ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) associated with mobile source emissions is reviewed. UFPM includes those particles that are less than 0.1 microm in diameter. Measurements of UFPM emitted from mobile sources have been conducted in the laboratory, on roadways, and downwind of roadways. In addition, UFPM formation and evolution have been modeled and the modeling results have been compared with available measurements. The results of those measurement programs and modeling studies are synthesized into a coherent description of the formation of UFPM in mobile source emissions and its subsequent evolution in the ambient atmosphere. Recommendations are provided to address the gaps in our current understanding of the processes leading to the formation of UFPM, its chemical composition, and its evolution in the atmosphere.