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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...
Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

Study Designs in Epidemiology

Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
Observational studies are those where the researcher does not intervene but rather observes natural variations. They include cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies.
Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

Preclinical Development: Overview

Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
Hazard Ratio01:12

Hazard Ratio

The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
For example, in a clinical trial evaluating a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease
09:09

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

Published on: May 27, 2022

[Controlled clinical trials before Archie Cochrane].

Antje Timmer1

  • 1Deutsches Cochrane Zentrum, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Medizinische Informatik, Abteilung für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Freiburg. timmer@cochrane.de

Zeitschrift Fur Evidenz, Fortbildung Und Qualitat Im Gesundheitswesen
|February 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The James Lind Library chronicles the history of controlled clinical trials, highlighting James Lind's pioneering work. It emphasizes the evolution of methods to prevent bias in randomized controlled trials over centuries.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease
09:09

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

Published on: May 27, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Medical History
  • Clinical Trial Methodology
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Context:

  • The James Lind Library serves as a historical archive for controlled clinical trials.
  • James Lind, an 18th-century surgeon, conducted an early multi-arm controlled trial for scurvy.
  • The library's co-founder, Iain Chalmers, presented on the evolution of trial methods.

Purpose:

  • To document the historical development of controlled clinical trials.
  • To showcase exemplary studies and methodological advancements in clinical research.
  • To emphasize the contributions of diverse individuals to modern randomized controlled trials.

Summary:

  • The presentation focused on the historical progression of controlled clinical trials, from James Lind's work to contemporary randomized controlled trials.
  • Key themes included the evolution of methods to mitigate allocation bias.
  • The collective, international effort in advancing trial standards was highlighted.

Impact:

  • Provides valuable historical context for understanding current clinical trial practices.
  • Informs researchers and practitioners about the long-term development of evidence-based medicine.
  • Underscores the importance of historical research in refining future clinical trial methodologies.