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Related Concept Videos

Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
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Intracellular chromosome breaks on silicon surface.

Jiang Jiang1, Kaifu Huo, Shaopeng Chen

  • 1Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.

Biomaterials
|February 17, 2009
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Summary

Silicon exposure increases reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, potentially causing DNA damage. Micronuclei tests show silicon induces genotoxicity in hamster ovary cells, highlighting chromosome injury risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Genotoxicity Testing
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Silicon (Si) is widely used, but its genotoxic potential requires investigation.
  • Understanding Si's interaction with cellular DNA repair mechanisms is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the genotoxicity of crystalline silicon.
  • To investigate the role of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in Si-induced genotoxicity.
  • To evaluate DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction by Si.

Main Methods:

  • Micronuclei tests (MNTs) were performed on hamster ovary (CHO) cells and xrs5 mutant cells (deficient in DNA double-strand break repair).
  • Intracellular ROS/RNS levels were measured in CHO cells exposed to Si.
  • Cells were treated with a ROS scavenger (dimethyl sulfoxide) before MNTs.

Main Results:

  • Intracellular ROS and nitrogen oxide (NO) concentrations were significantly higher (38% and 12%, respectively) in Si-exposed cells compared to controls.
  • ROS/RNS, including superoxide anion, NO, and peroxynitrite, were identified as contributors to Si-induced genotoxicity.
  • Si exposure led to increased DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and chromosome injury.

Conclusions:

  • Crystalline silicon exhibits genotoxic effects.
  • Elevated ROS/RNS levels are associated with silicon-induced genotoxicity.
  • Silicon exposure can impair DNA repair and induce chromosomal damage.