Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...

Viruses with RNA Genomes

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

Yellow Fever

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Role of HBV genotype, monitoring, and events after cessation of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy.

Journal of hepatology·2026

Same author

Nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy for EASL immune-tolerant phase hepatitis B.

Gut·2025

Same author

Letter to the Editor: HBV DNA level of genuine immune-tolerant patients.

Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)·2025

Same author

Perspectives on the Issues of Indeterminate/Gray Zones of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection.

Gastroenterology·2025

Same author

Switching to Entecavir >3 Months Before the End of Tenofovir-Based Therapy in Hepatitis B e Antigen-Negative Patients May Reduce Early Relapse and Hepatitis Flare.

The American journal of gastroenterology·2025

Same author

Letter: No Biochemical Relapse Is Associated With the Highest Off-Therapy HBsAg Loss Rate.

Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics·2025

Same journal

Assisted dying and the silencing of medicine's next generation.

Lancet (London, England)·2026

Same journal

Linguistic pragmatism: a woman with progressive abdominal pain in Thailand.

Lancet (London, England)·2026

Same journal

Medical compartmentalisation: a patient with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in Japan.

Lancet (London, England)·2026

Same journal

[<sup>177</sup>Lu]Lu-edotreotide versus everolimus for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (COMPETE): a phase 3, multicentre, randomised, open-label, superiority trial.

Lancet (London, England)·2026

Same journal

Research priorities for characterising Bundibugyo virus.

Lancet (London, England)·2026

Same journal

Rethinking treatment sequence in advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours.

Lancet (London, England)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Hepatitis B virus infection.

Yun-Fan Liaw¹, Chia-Ming Chu

¹Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.

Lancet (London, England)

|February 17, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis B infection rates have decreased due to vaccines, but chronic cases persist. Current treatments suppress the virus but rarely eliminate it, necessitating new drug development for better outcomes.

More Related Videos

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

Published on: June 5, 2020

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

Published on: May 10, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

Published on: June 5, 2020

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

Published on: May 10, 2022

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Virology
Immunology

Background:

Hepatitis B infection remains a significant global health issue, affecting over 350 million individuals worldwide.
Chronic hepatitis B infection poses risks for severe liver conditions like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication is recognized as a primary factor in immune-driven liver damage and disease advancement.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current landscape of hepatitis B treatment.
To highlight the limitations of existing therapies, including drug resistance.
To emphasize the need for novel therapeutic strategies and drug development.

Main Methods:

Review of scientific literature on hepatitis B virology, immunology, and natural history.
Analysis of the efficacy and drawbacks of current antiviral treatments.
Discussion of emerging trends and future directions in hepatitis B therapy.

Main Results:

Antiviral therapies, including interferon and nucleoside/nucleotide analogues, effectively suppress HBV replication and halt disease progression.
Current treatments rarely achieve complete virus elimination.
Drug resistance is a significant challenge in long-term hepatitis B management.

Conclusions:

Despite advances, chronic hepatitis B remains a complex global health challenge.
Existing treatments suppress but do not cure hepatitis B, leading to potential resistance.
Further research and development of new drugs and therapeutic strategies are crucial to improve patient outcomes and achieve viral clearance.