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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

New nitric oxide donors based on ruthenium complexes.

C N Lunardi1, R S da Silva, L M Bendhack

  • 1Laboratório de Farmacologia, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. clunardi@unb.br

Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas
|February 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Nitric oxide (NO) donors, like nitrosyl ruthenium complexes, aid vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Hypertension impairs NO function due to oxidative stress, highlighting the need for novel NO-delivery agents.

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Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
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Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Published on: June 18, 2012

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

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Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
11:28

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Published on: June 18, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Biochemistry
  • Cardiovascular Science

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in vascular smooth muscle relaxation.
  • The pharmacological study of NO is limited by its high reactivity and short half-life.
  • Oxidative stress, particularly superoxide anion (O2-) overproduction, contributes to vascular damage in hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate nitrosyl ruthenium complexes as effective nitric oxide (NO) delivery agents.
  • To evaluate the effects of these complexes on vascular smooth muscle cell relaxation.
  • To explore the mechanisms underlying impaired NO bioavailability in hypertension.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent investigations on nitrosyl ruthenium complexes.
  • Analysis of NO signaling pathways involving soluble guanylyl-cyclase and cGMP.
  • Examination of vascular responses in hypertensive rat models (2K-1C).

Main Results:

  • Nitrosyl ruthenium complexes show potential as NO-delivery agents.
  • NO-induced vascular relaxation involves cGMP accumulation and activation of downstream effectors.
  • Vascular relaxation is impaired in hypertensive rats, potentially due to increased NO inactivation by superoxide anions.

Conclusions:

  • Nitrosyl ruthenium complexes offer a promising strategy for NO delivery.
  • Understanding NO inactivation in hypertension is critical for developing therapeutic interventions.
  • Targeting NO bioavailability may be a key approach for managing hypertensive vascular dysfunction.