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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
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Pre-dive normobaric oxygen reduces bubble formation in scuba divers.

Olivier Castagna1, Emmanuel Gempp, Jean-Eric Blatteau

  • 1Institute of Naval Medicine, BP 610, 83800, Toulon Army, France.

European Journal of Applied Physiology
|February 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Breathing normobaric oxygen before diving significantly reduces venous gas emboli formation in recreational divers. This preoxygenation offers a prolonged protective effect, potentially benefiting multi-day repetitive dives.

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Area of Science:

  • Diving Medicine
  • Hyperbaric Physiology
  • Aerospace Medicine

Background:

  • Normobaric oxygen pre-breathing is standard for aviators and astronauts to prevent decompression sickness.
  • Its efficacy before hyperbaric diving, specifically for recreational divers, remains less explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of 30-minute normobaric oxygen pre-breathing on bubble formation in recreational divers undertaking repetitive dives.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-one recreational divers participated in four dive protocols: air-air, O(2)-O(2), O(2)-air, and air-O(2).
  • Dives involved repetitive exposures to 30 meters for 30 minutes with a 100-minute surface interval.
  • Post-dive venous gas emboli were quantified using precordial Doppler ultrasound.

Main Results:

  • All protocols involving oxygen pre-breathing showed significantly reduced bubble scores compared to the control (air-air).
  • The O(2)-O(2) condition demonstrated the greatest reduction in bubbles after the second dive (-66%).
  • Both O(2)-air and air-O(2) protocols yielded fewer bubbles than the control, with air-O(2) showing fewer than O(2)-air.

Conclusions:

  • Normobaric oxygen pre-breathing effectively decreases venous gas emboli formation.
  • The protective effect of oxygen pre-breathing appears to be prolonged, suggesting benefits for multi-day diving scenarios.