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Related Concept Videos

Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
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Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy01:26

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation. For...
Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents

Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...

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Related Experiment Video

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Using a 1064-nm Picosecond Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser for Periorbital Hyperpigmentation
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Using a 1064-nm Picosecond Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser for Periorbital Hyperpigmentation

Published on: May 23, 2025

Ocular pigmentation associated with clozapine.

Armand M Borovik1, Martina M Bosch, Stephanie L Watson

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia. aborovik@hotmail.com

The Medical Journal of Australia
|February 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-term, high-dose clozapine use in schizophrenia patients may cause vision problems, including pigmentary changes in the eye. This is the first reported case linking clozapine to these ocular side effects.

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Quantification of Hypopigmentation Activity In Vitro
06:08

Quantification of Hypopigmentation Activity In Vitro

Published on: March 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia.
  • Long-term, high-dose administration of certain medications can lead to ocular side effects.
  • Phenothiazines, like chlorpromazine, are known to cause ocular pigmentation.

Observation:

  • A 55-year-old woman on long-term, high-dose clozapine for schizophrenia experienced decreased visual acuity.
  • Ocular examination revealed pigmentary changes in the cornea and retina.
  • A stellate cataract was also noted in the affected eye.

Findings:

  • The patient exhibited bilateral decreased visual acuity.
  • Corneal and retinal pigmentary changes were observed.
  • The findings suggest a potential link between clozapine and ocular pigmentation, similar to chlorpromazine.

Implications:

  • This case highlights a previously unreported ocular side effect of clozapine.
  • Ophthalmologists and psychiatrists should be aware of potential visual disturbances in patients on long-term clozapine therapy.
  • Further research is warranted to investigate the mechanism and prevalence of clozapine-induced ocular pigmentation.