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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
08:03

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[Craniofacial characters for Angle's class II malocclusion using Procrusts superimposition and multivariate

Bin Na1, Tian-min Xu, Jiu-xiang Lin

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.

Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban = Journal of Peking University. Health Sciences
|February 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study classified Angle

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics
  • Craniofacial Morphology
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Angle's Class II malocclusion presents diverse craniofacial morphologies.
  • Accurate classification is crucial for effective orthodontic treatment planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To classify Angle's Class II malocclusion using Procrusts standardization and cluster analysis.
  • To explore the utility of morphometry and multivariate statistics in craniofacial classification.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Procrusts standardization for morphological character analysis.
  • Applied cluster analysis to categorize 894 Angle's Class II malocclusion patients.
  • Developed discriminant equations for classification.

Main Results:

  • Successfully divided samples into 11 distinct subgroups.
  • Established three discriminant equations with an 80.17% cross-validated accuracy rate.
  • Demonstrated varying differentiation rates among subgroups.

Conclusions:

  • Procrusts standardization offers advantages for morphological classification.
  • Cluster analysis is effective for classifying Angle's Class II malocclusion.
  • Discriminant equations provide a basis for future research in malocclusion typing.