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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

From ionic liquids to supramolecular polymers.

Stephen L Craig1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Center for Biologically Inspired Materials and Material Systems, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708-0346, USA. stephen.craig@duke.edu

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multivalent ionic interactions in small-molecule ionic liquids create polymer-like materials. These materials form supramolecular ionic networks, demonstrating potential for advanced material applications.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Small-molecule ionic liquids (SMILs) are increasingly explored for novel material properties.
  • Multivalent interactions offer unique pathways for material self-assembly and network formation.
  • Understanding the relationship between ionic structure and bulk material properties is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of polymer-like materials from multivalent ionic interactions in SMILs.
  • To characterize the supramolecular architecture and properties of these novel ionic materials.
  • To demonstrate the potential for creating functional materials through controlled ionic assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a dication comprising two tetraalkyl phosphonium moieties.
  • Utilizing a porphyrin tetracarboxylate as the counterion.
  • Characterization of the resulting ionic material's viscosity and structural properties.

Main Results:

  • Multivalent ionic interactions led to the formation of polymer-like materials.
  • Evidence suggests the formation of a supramolecular ionic network.
  • The ionic material exhibited a high viscosity (10^6 Pa s at 25 °C), indicative of network formation.

Conclusions:

  • Small-molecule ionic liquids can be engineered to form functional polymer-like materials.
  • Supramolecular ionic network formation is achievable through multivalent ionic interactions.
  • These materials show promise for applications requiring high viscosity or structured ionic media.