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Related Concept Videos

Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their access...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
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Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...

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Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
07:51

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: July 18, 2017

Human amniotic mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes.

Jun Ping Wei1, Masashi Nawata, Shigeyuki Wakitani

  • 1Department of Organ Regeneration, The Institutes of Organ Transplants, Reconstructive Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan.

Cloning and Stem Cells
|February 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Human amniotic mesenchymal cells (HAMc) can transform into chondrocytes, offering a promising alternative for cartilage repair. These cells show potential for treating cartilage diseases, overcoming limitations of current transplantation methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Biology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Current cartilage repair strategies like chondrocyte transplantation face challenges including cell scarcity, immune rejection, and donor limitations.
  • The human amnion is an immune-privileged tissue, making it a suitable source for allogeneic transplantation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of human amniotic mesenchymal cells (HAMc) to differentiate into chondrocytes.
  • To assess the expression of key chondrogenic genes and proteins in HAMc.
  • To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo chondrogenic capacity of HAMc for cartilage regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed expression of SOX transcription factors, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and BMP receptors in HAMc.
  • Utilized RT-PCR to detect cartilage marker genes (collagen type II, aggrecan).
  • Performed immunofluorescence analysis for collagen type II protein.
  • Induced chondrogenesis using BMP-2 and transplanted cells into animal models (mice and rats).

Main Results:

  • HAMc expressed chondrocyte-related genes, including SOX factors, BMPs, and BMP receptors.
  • Collagen type II and aggrecan expression were confirmed after BMP-2 induced chondrogenesis.
  • Transplanted HAMc exhibited morphological changes and deposited collagen type II in vivo, both in noncartilage tissue and bone defects.

Conclusions:

  • Human amniotic mesenchymal cells (HAMc) possess the capacity for chondrogenic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo.
  • HAMc represent a potential cell source for therapeutic applications in treating damaged or diseased cartilage.
  • This finding suggests a promising alternative to current cell-based therapies for cartilage repair.