Peptidic modulators of protein-protein interactions: progress and challenges in computational design

With the decline in productivity of drug-development efforts, novel approaches to rational drug design are being introduced and developed. Naturally occurring and synthetic peptides are emerging as novel promising compounds that can specifically and efficiently modulate signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo. We describe sequence-based approaches that use peptides to mimic proteins in order to inhibit the interaction of the mimicked protein with its partners. We then discuss a structure-based approach, in which protein-peptide complex structures are used to rationally design and optimize peptidic inhibitors. We survey flexible peptide docking techniques and discuss current challenges and future directions in the rational design of peptidic inhibitors.