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Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

Published on: June 16, 2014

Spiers Memorial Lecture. Ions at aqueous interfaces.

Pavel Jungwirth¹

¹Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Center for Complex Molecular Systems and Biomolecules, Prague, Czech Republic. pavel.jungwirth@uochb.cas.cz

Faraday Discussions

|February 21, 2009

Summary

Large, polarizable ions like heavy halides accumulate at water surfaces, challenging traditional views. Hydronium ions concentrate at interfaces, unlike hydroxide, impacting protein interactions and Hofmeister effects.

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Published on: July 14, 2022

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

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Published on: June 16, 2014

Nanoscale Characterization of Liquid-Solid Interfaces by Coupling Cryo-Focused Ion Beam Milling with Scanning Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Nanoscale Characterization of Liquid-Solid Interfaces by Coupling Cryo-Focused Ion Beam Milling with Scanning Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: July 14, 2022

Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Computational Chemistry
Surface Science

Background:

Recent advances in surface-selective spectroscopies and molecular simulations enhance understanding of aqueous interfaces.
Investigations focus on ion behavior at water surfaces and protein-aqueous solution interfaces.

Discussion:

Traditional models of an ion-free water surface are challenged by simulations and experiments showing heavy halide accumulation.
Hydronium ions, but not hydroxide, accumulate at air/water and alkane/water interfaces, supported by experiments but contradicting some interpretations.
The study explores ion behavior at water surfaces and its relevance to protein interactions.

Key Insights:

Large, polarizable ions (e.g., heavy halides) are present and enhanced at the water surface.
Hydronium ions accumulate at water interfaces, while hydroxide ions do not, impacting surface properties.
Ion interactions with proteins involve ion pairing with amino acid residues and backbone groups, explaining Hofmeister effects.

Outlook:

Develop a local model for ion-protein interactions to rationalize Hofmeister effects at the molecular level.
Further research can explore complex molecular ions and their interfacial behavior.
Integrate simulation and experimental findings for a comprehensive understanding of ion-interface phenomena.