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Related Concept Videos

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...

Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte

Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte

Seed structures are composed of a protective seed coat surrounding a plant embryo, and a food store for the developing embryo. The embryo contains the precursor tissues for leaves, stem, and roots. The endosperm and cotyledons—seed leaves—act as the food reserves for the growing embryo.

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

Plants have a life cycle split between two multicellular stages: a haploid stage—with cells containing one set of chromosomes—and a diploid stage—with cells containing two sets of chromosomes. The haploid stage is the gamete-producing gametophyte, and the diploid stage is the spore-producing sporophyte.

Genetic Variation

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Isolation of Histone from Sorghum Leaf Tissue for Top Down Mass Spectrometry Profiling of Potential Epigenetic Markers

Isolation of Histone from Sorghum Leaf Tissue for Top Down Mass Spectrometry Profiling of Potential Epigenetic Markers

Published on: March 4, 2021

Pre-anthesis ovary development determines genotypic differences in potential kernel weight in sorghum.

Zongjian Yang¹, Erik J van Oosterom, David R Jordan

¹The University of Queensland, School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.

Journal of Experimental Botany

|February 21, 2009

Summary

Sorghum kernel weight is determined early in development, before fertilization. Genetic factors influencing kernel size in sorghum impact floret and ovary development, ultimately affecting grain yield and quality.

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Area of Science:

Plant Science
Genetics
Agronomy

Background:

Kernel weight is crucial for sorghum grain yield and nutritional value.
Understanding the genetic basis of kernel weight variation is essential for crop improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify the developmental stage where genetic differences in potential sorghum kernel weight manifest.
To elucidate the developmental mechanisms controlling potential kernel weight in sorghum.

Main Methods:

Studied kernel development in five sorghum genotypes with varying kernel weights across two field experiments.
Examined pre-fertilization floret and ovary development and post-fertilization kernel-filling characteristics.

Main Results:

Large kernels exhibited higher filling rates, more endosperm cells, and starch granules.
Genotypic differences in kernel development were evident before stamen primordia initiation.
Large-seeded genotypes had larger floret apical meristems and ovaries with more cells and vascular bundles at anthesis.
Ovary volume at anthesis positively correlated with mature kernel dry weight.

Conclusions:

Genetic control of sorghum kernel weight is established pre-fertilization, influencing meristem and ovary development.
Additive genetic control suggests a causal relationship between meristem size, ovary volume, and kernel weight.
The pericarp, derived from the ovary wall, likely plays a key role in pre-fertilization genetic control by constraining kernel expansion.