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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
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TRAF2 and TRAF3 independently mediate Ig class switching driven by CD40.

Haifa H Jabara1, Yu Weng, Tatyana Sannikova

  • 1Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

International Immunology
|February 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAF) 2 and 3 independently mediate CD40-driven B cell class switch recombination (CSR). However, both TRAF2 and TRAF3 are essential for optimal CD40-induced isotype switching.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Published on: August 13, 2010

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Published on: April 16, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • CD40 signaling is crucial for B cell activation, isotype switching, and germinal center formation.
  • Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) are known to mediate signaling downstream of various receptors, including CD40.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the distinct roles of TRAF2 and TRAF3 in CD40-mediated B cell activation and function.
  • To investigate how the binding of TRAF2 and TRAF3 to CD40 influences B cell responses.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of CD40-deficient mice with specific CD40 transgenes lacking TRAF2, TRAF3, or both binding capabilities.
  • Assessment of B cell responses including serum immunoglobulin levels, antibody production, germinal center formation, proliferation, and NF-kappaB pathway activation.

Main Results:

  • Mice with CD40 transgenes lacking TRAF2 (DeltaTR2) or TRAF3 (DeltaTR3) binding showed partially diminished B cell responses.
  • Mice with CD40 transgenes lacking both TRAF2 and TRAF3 (DeltaTR2,3) binding exhibited virtually absent B cell responses.
  • Both TRAF2 and TRAF3 were found to independently mediate CD40-driven class switch recombination (CSR).

Conclusions:

  • TRAF2 and TRAF3 play partially redundant but individually essential roles in CD40-mediated B cell activation.
  • Optimal CD40-driven isotype switching requires the participation of both TRAF2 and TRAF3.