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Related Concept Videos

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...
Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma
08:07

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

Published on: April 12, 2019

Bone sarcoma of the spine.

Klaus-Dieter Schaser1, I Melcher, A Luzzati

  • 1Section for Musculoskeletal Tumor Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. klaus-dieter.schaser@charite.de

Recent Results in Cancer Research. Fortschritte Der Krebsforschung. Progres Dans Les Recherches Sur Le Cancer
|February 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Primary bone sarcomas of the spine are rare, with osteosarcomas and chordomas being most common. Management requires integrated multimodal concepts and specialized centers for complex surgical resections like en bloc spondylectomy.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma
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A Syngeneic Orthotopic Osteosarcoma Sprague Dawley Rat Model with Amputation to Control Metastasis Rate
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A Syngeneic Orthotopic Osteosarcoma Sprague Dawley Rat Model with Amputation to Control Metastasis Rate

Published on: May 3, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Oncology
  • Spinal Surgery
  • Musculoskeletal Pathology

Background:

  • Primary malignant bone tumors of the vertebral column (spinal bone sarcomas) are rare.
  • Osteosarcomas and chordomas are the most frequent types, followed by chondro-, fibro-, and Ewing's sarcomas.
  • Accurate diagnosis relies on clinical examination, advanced imaging (CT, MRI), and biopsy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for primary vertebral bone sarcomas.
  • To emphasize the role of oncosurgical staging in treatment planning.
  • To describe advanced surgical techniques, including en bloc spondylectomy.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive clinical and neurological evaluation.
  • Advanced radiographic imaging, including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • Oncosurgical staging and multimodal treatment planning.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis is established through detailed examination, imaging, and biopsy.
  • Treatment involves an integrated, multimodal oncological concept.
  • Surgical options range from minimally invasive procedures to curative en bloc vertebrectomy (spondylectomy).

Conclusions:

  • Management of vertebral bone sarcomas necessitates a multidisciplinary approach.
  • En bloc spondylectomy represents an aggressive surgical resection technique for these rare tumors.
  • Specialized musculoskeletal tumor centers are recommended for optimal patient care.