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Mass Analyzers: Common Types

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...

NMR Spectrometers: Overview

NMR Spectrometers: Overview

NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...

Mass Analyzers: Overview

Mass Analyzers: Overview

The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space

Published on: February 1, 2016

X-ray true coincidence summing correction in Genie 2000.

H Zhu¹, R Venkataraman, W Mueller

¹Canberra Industries, 800 Research Parkway, Meriden, Connecticut 06450, USA. HZHU@CANBERRA.COM

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine

|February 24, 2009

Summary

A new algorithm enhances radionuclide analysis by correcting gamma-ray summing effects. This improves the accuracy of nuclide activity measurements in Genie 2000 software.

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Area of Science:

Nuclear Physics
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

True coincidence summing effects in gamma-ray spectrometry can lead to inaccurate nuclide activity measurements.
Existing algorithms may not fully account for complex decay schemes involving cascading photons, low-energy X-rays, and positron annihilation.

Purpose of the Study:

To extend and validate an analysis algorithm for correcting true coincidence summing effects in radionuclide activity measurements.
To improve the accuracy of Canberra's Genie 2000 software for nuclear data analysis.

Main Methods:

Development and implementation of an enhanced analysis algorithm within Genie 2000 software.
Extension of the algorithm to include corrections for low-energy gamma-rays, KX-rays, and 511 keV annihilation photons.
Validation of the extended algorithm's performance.

Main Results:

The enhanced algorithm significantly improves the correction for true coincidence summing effects.
Increased accuracy in nuclide activity measurements is achieved.
The software's capability for handling complex decay scenarios is enhanced.

Conclusions:

The extended algorithm provides a more comprehensive and accurate correction for true coincidence summing effects.
This advancement leads to more reliable nuclide activity measurements in gamma-ray spectrometry.
The updated Genie 2000 software offers improved performance for nuclear analysis applications.