Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:17

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Mechanism of Action

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers induce paralysis by competitively blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the muscle end plate. Examples include pancuronium, mivacurium, vecuronium, and rocuronium. These quaternary ammonium derivatives are administered intravenously, are poorly absorbed, and are excreted via the kidneys.
Competitive antagonists prevent acetylcholine from binding to its receptor, inhibiting membrane depolarization. Without conformational changes or intrinsic...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Performance determinants in Ski mountaineering sprint: data from the pre-2026 Olympic test event.

Frontiers in sports and active living·2026
Same author

CAROTID BODY CHEMORECEPTORS: FROM MOUNTAIN TO SPACE.

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)·2026
Same author

Common and Divergent Physiological Responses to Hypoxia and Heat.

Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)·2026
Same author

Acute effects of "Munz Floor"® fascial stretching on autonomic nervous responses assessed by heart rate variability.

Frontiers in physiology·2026
Same author

Beyond single stressors/stimuli in adaptive physiology: Dose-response relationships and translational challenges.

Experimental physiology·2026
Same author

Exogenous ketosis does not alter oxygenation, oxygen uptake kinetics, or whole-body efficiency during submaximal exercise in early high-altitude acclimatization.

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players
10:08

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players

Published on: June 10, 2025

Alteration of neuromuscular function in squash.

Olivier Girard1, Jean-Paul Micallef, Julien Noual

  • 1ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar. oliv.girard@gmail.com

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
|February 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A 1-hour squash match significantly reduces knee extensor strength and impairs central activation in trained players. Peripheral fatigue affects excitation-contraction coupling, while sarcolemmal excitability remains intact.

More Related Videos

Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality
10:40

Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality

Published on: August 6, 2017

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
12:18

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: December 26, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players
10:08

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players

Published on: June 10, 2025

Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality
10:40

Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality

Published on: August 6, 2017

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
12:18

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: December 26, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Neuromuscular Function

Background:

  • Squash is a demanding sport requiring high levels of neuromuscular performance.
  • Understanding fatigue mechanisms in athletes is crucial for optimizing training and preventing injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of a 1-hour squash match on the neuromuscular function of knee extensor muscles in trained players.
  • To differentiate between central and peripheral fatigue contributions to performance decline.

Main Methods:

  • Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and surface electromyography (EMG) of vastus lateralis and medialis were measured pre- and post-match.
  • M-wave and single twitch contractile properties were analyzed to assess peripheral neuromuscular function.

Main Results:

  • MVC decreased by 16% post-match, accompanied by a 7% decline in voluntary activation, indicating central fatigue.
  • Raw EMG activity decreased by 17%, while RMS/M showed smaller reductions, suggesting preserved sarcolemmal excitability.
  • Single twitch analysis revealed impaired excitation-contraction coupling, with reduced peak torque and altered relaxation dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • A 1-hour squash match induces peripheral fatigue by impairing excitation-contraction coupling.
  • Central activation failure contributes significantly to the observed torque loss in knee extensors.
  • Training programs for squash players should address both central and peripheral fatigue mechanisms.