Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response

Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
Sympathetic Activation01:16

Sympathetic Activation

The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be met...
Exercise Stress Test01:26

Exercise Stress Test

Introduction
Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
Definition
An exercise stress test measures the heart's response to exertion using a treadmill or stationary bicycle. Chest electrodes record the heart's electrical activity through an ECG, and blood pressure is monitored regularly.
Purposes
Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:27

Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
Synthesis: Catecholamine synthesis requires tyrosine, which is taken...
Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
Allergies and anaphylaxis:...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Brachial blood flow and pressure responses are unrelated to the greater isometric handgrip tolerance of females compared to males.

Physiological reports·2026
Same author

Single-beat method echocardiographic comparison of ventricular-arterial coupling in adults with and without Down syndrome.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology·2026
Same author

Association between chronological age and vascular function in adults with and without multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders·2026
Same author

Effects of L-Citrulline Supplementation on Endothelial Function, Arterial Stiffness, and Blood Glucose Level in the Fasted and Acute Hyperglycemic States in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.

Nutrients·2025
Same author

Impaired inactive limb blood flow regulation in adults with multiple sclerosis during sympathoexcitatory stimuli.

Physiological reports·2025
Same author

Acute live firefighting effects on ventricular-arterial coupling and pulsatile afterload in middle-aged firefighters.

Physiological reports·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease
10:19

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

Published on: August 22, 2014

Catecholamine response to maximal exercise in persons with Down syndrome.

Bo Fernhall1, Tracy Baynard, Scott R Collier

  • 1Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. fernhall@illinois.edu

The American Journal of Cardiology
|February 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) show diminished catecholamine responses during peak exercise. This lack of response may explain their reduced aerobic capacity and heart rates.

More Related Videos

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
07:26

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Published on: October 17, 2018

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice
10:00

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Published on: March 15, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease
10:19

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

Published on: August 22, 2014

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
07:26

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Published on: October 17, 2018

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice
10:00

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Published on: March 15, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Human Physiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have lower peak aerobic capacity and heart rates.
  • Autonomic modulation is reduced in DS at rest, but exercise response appears normal.
  • Other mechanisms, like catecholamine responsiveness, may influence aerobic capacity in DS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate catecholamine responses to peak exercise in individuals with DS.
  • To compare these responses with a non-disabled control group.
  • To identify potential mechanisms for reduced exercise capacity in DS.

Main Methods:

  • Measured epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations.
  • Utilized graded treadmill exercise tests.
  • Compared 20 subjects with DS to 21 non-disabled subjects.

Main Results:

  • Catecholamines significantly increased with peak exercise in the control group (p <0.05).
  • Subjects with DS showed little to no change in catecholamine levels post-exercise.
  • A significant difference in catecholamine response was observed between the groups.

Conclusions:

  • The blunted catecholamine response to exercise in DS may be a key factor in their reduced peak heart rates.
  • This lack of catecholamine release contributes to lower work capacities in individuals with Down syndrome.
  • Understanding these physiological differences is crucial for managing exercise and health in the DS population.