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Related Concept Videos

Causality in Epidemiology01:21

Causality in Epidemiology

Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
Prevalence and Incidence01:08

Prevalence and Incidence

In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
Prevalence indicates the proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific disease or health condition at a...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:
Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Cost-effective Method for Microbial Source Tracking Using Specific Human and Animal Viruses
11:29

Cost-effective Method for Microbial Source Tracking Using Specific Human and Animal Viruses

Published on: December 3, 2011

[Avoidable and nonavoidable mortality: geographical distribution in small areas in Spain (1990-2001)].

Montse Vergara Duarte1, Joan Benach, José Miguel Martínez

  • 1Grup de Recerca de Desigualtats en Salut, Unitat de Recerca en Salut Laboral, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, España. montse.vergara@upf.edu

Gaceta Sanitaria
|February 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Mortality amenable to medical intervention shows uneven geographical distribution across Spain, with higher rates in the south and northwest. This highlights regional disparities in healthcare quality and identifies areas needing targeted health interventions.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Cost-effective Method for Microbial Source Tracking Using Specific Human and Animal Viruses
11:29

Cost-effective Method for Microbial Source Tracking Using Specific Human and Animal Viruses

Published on: December 3, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Geographic Epidemiology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Assessing healthcare quality through geographical analysis of avoidable mortality is crucial.
  • Previous studies have not analyzed avoidable mortality by small geographical areas for all of Spain.
  • Understanding spatial patterns of avoidable mortality can inform public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map the geographical distribution of avoidable and non-avoidable mortality in small areas across Spain.
  • To analyze these patterns by sex for the period 1990-2001.
  • To identify geographical disparities in mortality amenable to medical intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 2,218 small geographical areas (municipalities) in Spain.
  • Analyzed avoidable deaths between 1990 and 2001.
  • Employed Empirical Bayes model-based estimates of age-adjusted relative risk, visualized on small-area maps.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated heterogeneous geographical distribution of avoidable mortality for both sexes.
  • Identified higher mortality rates in southern and northwestern Spain.
  • Observed clear aggregation of deaths from hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, and ischemic heart disease in men in these regions.

Conclusions:

  • Geographical studies of avoidable mortality in small Spanish areas effectively identify regions with elevated mortality.
  • Further research is needed to understand the factors contributing to the observed distribution of avoidable mortality.
  • Findings suggest potential regional variations in healthcare quality across Spain.