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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

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For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes a mild...

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

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Catalysis

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Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...

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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

Linking structural dynamics and functional diversity in asymmetric catalysis.

Akihiro Nojiri¹, Naoya Kumagai, Masakatsu Shibasaki

¹Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|February 24, 2009

Summary

Researchers developed a novel catalyst with dynamic structural changes, mimicking protein flexibility. This innovation enables two distinct reaction outcomes from a single catalyst in asymmetric catalysis, advancing chemical synthesis.

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Area of Science:

Catalysis
Chemical Biology
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Proteins exhibit remarkable structural flexibility, enabling diverse functions through allosteric regulation and post-translational modifications.
Enantioselective catalysts typically possess limited conformational flexibility, restricting them to a single specific function.
Bridging the gap between biological and synthetic systems requires catalysts with adaptable structures and functions.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer a catalyst with dynamic structural and functional adaptability, inspired by protein conformational changes.
To achieve multiple distinct reaction outcomes using a single catalytic system in asymmetric catalysis.
To explore the utility of conformationally flexible ligands and rare earth metals in catalyst design.

Main Methods:

Utilized conformationally flexible asymmetric ligands designed for dynamic structural adaptation.
Employed rare earth metals known for their variable coordination patterns.
Developed a catalytic system capable of undergoing dynamic structural and functional changes within a single reaction flask.

Main Results:

Demonstrated dynamic structural changes in the catalyst, influenced by ligand and metal coordination.
Achieved two distinct reaction outcomes in asymmetric catalysis using the engineered catalyst.
Showcased the catalyst's ability to modulate its function based on structural rearrangements.

Conclusions:

The study presents a novel approach to catalyst design by incorporating dynamic structural flexibility.
This work mimics the functional adaptability of proteins in a synthetic catalytic system.
The developed catalyst offers a versatile platform for achieving multiple outcomes in asymmetric catalysis, paving the way for more efficient chemical synthesis.