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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

[Hyperthyroidism due to an ectopic intrathoracic thyroid].

J Pou Ucha¹, F Loira Bamio, L M Campos Villarino

¹Servicio de Medicina Nuclear Hospital do Meixoeiro (CHUVI), Vigo, Pontevedra, España. javier.lucas.pou.ucha@sergas.es

Revista Espanola De Medicina Nuclear

|February 24, 2009

Summary

A rare case of hyperthyroidism caused by an ectopic intrathoracic thyroid was successfully treated with sternotomy. This presentation of primary intrathoracic goiter coexisting with hyperthyroidism is extremely uncommon.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Published on: April 17, 2013

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

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Published on: November 10, 2014

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

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Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Thoracic Surgery
Medical Imaging

Background:

Ectopic intrathoracic thyroid, or primary intrathoracic goiter, is a rare cause of mediastinal masses, accounting for approximately 1% of such cases.
Thyroid disease presenting as an intrathoracic mass is uncommon, and its association with hyperthyroidism is exceptionally rare.

Observation:

An 84-year-old female patient presented with hyperthyroidism.
The cause was identified as an ectopic intrathoracic thyroid gland.

Findings:

The patient's hyperthyroidism was successfully managed through surgical removal of the ectopic thyroid.
The surgical approach utilized was sternotomy, a procedure often required for these rare masses.

Implications:

This case highlights the importance of considering ectopic intrathoracic thyroid as a potential cause of hyperthyroidism, even in rare presentations.
Surgical intervention, such as sternotomy, can be an effective treatment for this condition.
Further research into the embryology and clinical presentation of ectopic thyroid tissue may improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.