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Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions01:29

Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions

Nonideal liquid solutions, also known as real solutions, do not strictly follow Raoult's law. Raoult's law is a rule of thumb in physical chemistry. However, not all mixtures adhere to this law due to varying molecular interactions. For example, in an acetone/chloroform solution, the individual vapor pressures of the components are lower than expected, resulting in a total vapor pressure below that predicted by Raoult's law, causing a negative deviation.On the other hand, in an ethanol/water...
Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube01:18

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
Liquid–Solid Solutions01:29

Liquid–Solid Solutions

The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems01:27

Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems

A pressure-composition phase diagram explicitly describes the behavior of an ideal solution of two volatile liquids under varying pressures and compositions. A pressure-composition diagram has two main curves. The bubble point curve represents the plot of pressure versus liquid mole fraction. It indicates the pressure at which the first bubble of vapor forms from the liquid phase as the system pressure decreases.The dew point curve is the pressure versus vapor mole fraction. It indicates the...
Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II01:09

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II

Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients, maintaining...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor
07:28

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Published on: August 30, 2012

Are we testing a true thin liquid?

Traci A Fink1, Jill B Ross

  • 1Memorial Hospital, South Bend, IN 46601, USA. tdivano@yahoo.com

Dysphagia
|February 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diluting thin liquid barium (Ultrathin) increased aspiration risk in 50% of patients during videofluoroscopic swallow studies. Standard thin liquid barium may not identify all patients at risk for aspiration.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Gastroenterology
  • Speech-Language Pathology

Background:

  • Videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) are crucial for diagnosing dysphagia.
  • Thin liquid barium, like E-Z-EM's Varibar Thin, is commonly used in VFSS.
  • Accurate assessment of aspiration risk is vital for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of diluting Varibar Thin liquid barium with water on aspiration.
  • To determine if a more water-like consistency (Ultrathin) increases aspiration incidence.
  • To assess the diagnostic sensitivity of standard thin liquid barium versus diluted thin liquid barium.

Main Methods:

  • Forty adult patients with diverse medical conditions participated.
  • Swallowing trials involved standard Varibar Thin liquid and a 50% water-diluted version (Ultrathin).
  • Aspiration was monitored across different volumes (2 cc, 5 cc) and delivery methods (cup, straw).

Main Results:

  • Fifty percent of patients aspirated on the Ultrathin liquid but not on the standard Varibar Thin liquid.
  • Aspiration occurred across various test conditions for these patients.
  • This suggests Ultrathin liquid poses a higher aspiration risk than standard thin liquid barium.

Conclusions:

  • E-Z-EM's Varibar Thin liquid, despite its low viscosity, may not be sufficiently thin to detect all aspiration risks.
  • Diluting thin liquid barium to a water-like consistency (Ultrathin) can increase aspiration incidence.
  • Clinicians should consider the potential for increased aspiration risk when using highly diluted thin liquids in VFSS.